The route of phage administration directly impacts the effectiveness of treatment. To successfully combat a bacterial infection, it is important to select the correct form and delivery method for phage preparations. Different clinical cases require different approaches, ranging from topical application to systemic administration. The choice depends on the location of the infection, its severity, and the patient's overall condition.

External use of phages: treatment of wounds, burns and skin infections

One of the most common methods is the topical application of phages . This method is used to treat infected wounds, purulent skin lesions, burns, ulcers, and other localized lesions where it is necessary to eliminate pathogenic microflora without interfering with internal organs.

In such cases, phages are applied as liquid solutions, gels, or ointments. Sometimes, applications or dressings soaked in the phage preparation are used. These dressings are changed several times a day, depending on the doctor's recommendations.

This method allows for rapid delivery of the phage directly to the source of infection. It is important that the area be clean and not treated with substances that could damage the phages, such as alcohol or chlorine-based antiseptics. Because bacterial viruses replicate in the presence of the corresponding pathogens, the effect is enhanced with each cycle.

Other methods of administration: injections, inhalations, tampons and drops

When action beyond localization is required, other delivery routes are used. These include intravenous, rectal, vaginal, inhalational, and even ocular administration of phages.

Intravenous administration of phage preparations is used in cases of severe systemic infections, such as sepsis or deep internal organ infections. This allows for rapid achievement of high phage concentrations in the blood and their distribution throughout the body. Administration is performed through IVs or injections under medical supervision, maintaining strict sterility.

The rectal route is effective when the oral route is impossible or undesirable. Phages are administered via microclysters or suppositories. This approach minimizes the bacteriophages' exposure to gastric acid and ensures rapid intestinal penetration—especially in the presence of dysbiosis, colitis, or intestinal infections.

Vaginal and urogenital administration is used for genitourinary infections. Phage solutions are administered using tampons soaked in the preparation or by douching. These procedures are performed several times a day, and the course of treatment is continued until symptoms resolve and the microflora is cleared.

Phage inhalation is a promising approach, especially for respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and cystic fibrosis. Nebulizers or inhalers are used to convert the phage solution into microscopic droplets. These particles penetrate deep into the bronchi and lungs, directly to the site of infection. This minimizes systemic exposure and avoids side effects.

Ocular administration in the form of drops is used for bacterial eye infections, such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, and postoperative complications. Due to the gentle action and selectivity of the phages, this method is safe even with long-term use and does not cause irritation.

Each of these methods has its own advantages. Doctors often combine several methods to enhance the therapeutic effect. For example, in the case of a severe chronic infection, they may prescribe both inhalation and oral administration, or combine topical and rectal application.

The key to success is the correct delivery of phages to the site of infection. This is what determines whether the virus can replicate, destroy bacteria, and restore the microflora balance without harming the body.